@Article{SaturnoDVHPCWBBCGAMMRSSWWAWPAP:2018:AfVoEm,
               author = "Saturno, Jorge and Ditas, Florian and Vries, Marloes Penning de 
                         and Holanda, Bruna A. and P{\"o}hlker, Mira L. and Carbone, 
                         Samara and Walter, David and Bobrowski, Nicole and Brito, Joel and 
                         Chi, Xuguang and Gutmann, Alexandra and Angelis, Isabella Hrabe de 
                         and Machado, Luiz Augusto Toledo and Moran-Zuloaga, Daniel and 
                         R{\"u}diger, Julian and Schneider, Johannes and Schulz, 
                         Christiane and Wang, Qiaoqiao and Wendisch, Manfred and Artaxo, 
                         Paulo and Wagner, Thomas and P{\"o}schl, Ulrich and Andreae, 
                         Meinrat O. and P{\"o}hlker, Christopher",
          affiliation = "{Max Planck Institute for Chemistry} and {Max Planck Institute for 
                         Chemistry} and {Max Planck Institute for Chemistry} and {Max 
                         Planck Institute for Chemistry} and {Max Planck Institute for 
                         Chemistry} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} and {Max 
                         Planck Institute for Chemistry} and {University of Heidelberg} and 
                         {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} and {Nanjing Universit} and 
                         {ohannes Gutenberg University} and {Max Planck Institute for 
                         Chemistry} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} 
                         and {Max Planck Institute for Chemistry} and {University of 
                         Bayreuth} and {Max Planck Institute for Chemistry} and {Max Planck 
                         Institute for Chemistry} and {Jinan University} and 
                         {Universit{\"a}t Leipzig} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo 
                         (USP)} and {Max Planck Institute for Chemistry} and {Max Planck 
                         Institute for Chemistry} and {Max Planck Institute for Chemistry} 
                         and {Max Planck Institute for Chemistry}",
                title = "African volcanic emissions influencing atmospheric aerosols over 
                         the Amazon rain forest",
              journal = "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics",
                 year = "2018",
               volume = "18",
               number = "14",
                pages = "10391--10405",
                month = "July",
             abstract = "The long-range transport (LRT) of trace gases and aerosol 
                         particles plays an important role for the composition of the 
                         Amazonian rain forest atmosphere. Sulfate aerosols originate to a 
                         substantial extent from LRT sources and play an important role in 
                         the Amazonian atmosphere as strongly light-scattering particles 
                         and effective cloud condensation nuclei. The transatlantic 
                         transport of volcanic sulfur emissions from Africa has been 
                         considered as a source of particulate sulfate in the Amazon; 
                         however, direct observations have been lacking so far. This study 
                         provides observational evidence for the influence of emissions 
                         from the Nyamuragira-Nyiragongo volcanoes in Africa on Amazonian 
                         aerosol properties and atmospheric composition during September 
                         2014. Comprehensive ground-based and airborne aerosol measurements 
                         together with satellite observations are used to investigate the 
                         volcanic event. Under the volcanic influence, hourly mean sulfate 
                         mass concentrations in the submicron size range reached up to 
                         3.6\ \μg\ m\ĝ'3 at the Amazon Tall Tower 
                         Observatory, the highest value ever reported in the Amazon region. 
                         The substantial sulfate injection increased the aerosol 
                         hygroscopicity with <i>i°</i> values up to 0.36, thus altering 
                         aerosol-cloud interactions over the rain forest. Airborne 
                         measurements and satellite data indicate that the transatlantic 
                         transport of volcanogenic aerosols occurred in two major volcanic 
                         plumes with a sulfate-enhanced layer between 4 and 5\ km of 
                         altitude. This study demonstrates how African aerosol sources, 
                         such as volcanic sulfur emissions, can substantially affect the 
                         aerosol cycling and atmospheric processes in Amazonia.",
                  doi = "10.5194/acp-18-10391-2018",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10391-2018",
                 issn = "1680-7316 and 1680-7324",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "saturno_african.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}